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WORLD 


THE 

IN PICTURES. 

















THE 


WORLD IN PICTURES 

BY 

C. VON WYSS 

11 

CONTAINING SIXTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS—THIRTY-TWO OF WHICH ARE IN COLOUR 


SECOND EDITION 



i 


NEW YORK 

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

64 & 66 FIFTH AVENUE 




























I 




CONTENTS. 

I. ROUND ABOUT HOME: 

(1) Our House and Others, 

(2) Different Kinds of Country, 

(3) Weather and Seasons, 

II. COUNTRIES WHERE IT IS VERY HOT: 

(1) The Desert and the Camel, . 

(2) Elephants, Lions, and Tigers, 

(3) What the Great Ships bring Home, 

(4) Where the Swallow Flies, . 

III. COUNTRIES WHERE IT IS VERY COLD: 

(1) How People Live amid Ice and Snow, 

(2) Among the High Mountains, . 

IV. THE RED INDIAN, AND HOW HE LIVES, 

V. THE TREASURE OF THE SEA, . 

VI. IN THE GREAT FORESTS, . 

VII. HOT SPRINGS AND BURNING MOUNTAINS, 
VIII. WHERE THE LOVELIEST GARDENS ARE, 
IX. OTHER HOMES THAN OURS, 


7 

8 

• 13 

. i7 
. 22 

• 25 

. 28 


• 32 

• 36 

. 42 

. 46 

. 49 

• S3 

• 57 

• 63 



t 

,y 


First Edition published unde*• the title of “ The Child's World in Pictures" in December 


r 9°9- 







5 



No. 3 . Rough Stone Cottage in the Hebrides. 



No. 4 


Round Stone Huts in Ireland, 












G 



No. 5. 


A Cottage in Surrey. 


Stilton Palmer 










I. Round About Home. 

I. OUR HOUSE AND OTHERS. 

In the course of your lifetime you will have learnt a great many 
things about the country in which you are at home, and which you 
call Great Britain. 

You know that people live in houses, generally made of bricks 
and stone; some of them live in great cities, others in smaller 
towns and villages, and others again away out in the country by 
themselves. If you look at the pictures, you can decide which house 
is most like the one in which you are living, or in which you have 
stayed, or which you have seen at any time in your life. 

There are the great castles, most of them built long ago. 
They are often built on a hill, or generally in some prominent place. 
Many of them have a moat round them and a drawbridge. From your 
history lessons you will know what the moat and the bridge mean. 
The castles usually have towers and turrets and many windows. 
Inside they have great halls, and large rooms, and long corridors, and 
wide stairs ; but also, up in the towers, there are little rooms, and from 
their windows you can see far, far over the country, and there are 
often steep spiral staircases leading up to these rooms. Down below, 
the castles often have underground cellars, and vaults, and dark 
passages, and many stories in history are connected with these. 

Perhaps your house is like that in picture 1. Is it a tall 
house in the city, where perhaps several families live in different 
stories ? Houses like this are often built on to other houses and they to 
others, and there is not even room for a garden around them. Although 
it is very interesting to live in a great city, most of us would prefer to 
live in the country, where the air is fresh and sweet, and the trees are 
not covered with dust and soot, and where flowers grow in plenty. 

But the prettiest pictures are those of the two cottages. The 

top one is surrounded by an old garden full of lovely flowers, and behind 

7 


8 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


it is a fine tall tree. Cottages are rarely more than one story high. 
The one at the bottom of the page has no garden as far as we can see. 
Can you see from the look of the picture why the people in this cottage 
cannot have so many flowers? Do you see the high mountains, the 
banks of heavy grey clouds that look as if the wind drove them along ? 
Now, perhaps, you know why even in the most beautiful summer time 
there will not be many brightly-coloured flowers. 

Now look at pictures 3 and 4. These are homes made of rough 
stones piled up to form walls. One hut has a roof of straw and 
reeds made into a thatch, and moss grows on it, and there is a hole 
for the smoke. The other hut is really like a bee-hive, and has no 
windows. Both huts have only one room, and the floor is just the 
ground trodden hard. Both these huts are the homes of people who 
live in lonely places, either far among the hills, or on some lonely 
parts of the seashore, away from towns and villages. Why have they 
no tall strong houses made of stones, hewn so that they fit into one 
another ? Think how much work it means when one of these houses is 
built, how many workmen all help, and all the material used has already 
been prepared elsewhere by many other hands and by machinery. 
These lonely people have no one to help them, and the building 
material cannot be sent to them because there are no railways, perhaps 
not even good roads. They build their homes themselves—it must feel 
grand to live in a house made by oneself. Some of us have made huts 
out of heaps of hay and straw, or fallen branches of trees, but few of us 
have made huts that we can live in for years and years. 

2. DIFFERENT KINDS OF COUNTRY. 

People do not only live in the different kinds of homes that you 
have been looking at and reading about, but they live in quite different 
parts of the country. Many of you have gone by train or by boat to 
stay away from home for the holidays, or on a visit, and you will have 
seen that the world is not the same all over. There is the seaside, 
and most of us know no better place at which to spend a holiday. 



THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


9 




No. 8 


Scottish Mountains 

















































































10 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


There the vast sea moves to and fro in great waves. On the 
surface of the waves are many ripples, which glisten and sparkle in 
the sunshine. Sometimes the waves are much higher than at other 
times, and when there is a great wind with black clouds, the waves 
appear like mountains, and rush in upon the land with terrific force, 
breaking against the shore. Then ev4fcy wave has a crest of white foam ; 
and, when they see these crests moving up and down far out upon the 
sea, people say, “there are white horses upon the sea/’ Often too, we 
see gulls fly over the water, with their long wings and hoarse cry, and 
all at once they settle down upon the water and let themselves be 
drifted up and down by each wave as it comes. 

Then there are the rocks, some slippery with sea-weed that trails over 
them when the tide is out; but when the tide comes in, the heads of the 
weeds are lifted by the water, and the rocks are covered, and we can no 
longer step from one to the other as we go out in search of adventure. 
Between the rocks are the still pools of sea-water which are never 
emptied by the tide as it goes out. Here we can hunt and fish to our 
hearts' content. We find the beautiful red sea-anemone that is like a 
flower of the sea, tiny crabs, and shrimps, and shells of many kinds ; all 
move, or ^&de, or swim among lovely delicate fronds of sea-weed. Our 
seaside has sands too, where we can dig, and build, and run, and play. 
Beyond the sands are the cliffs with little paths by which grown up 
people can come down, and also very little babies, but we can get down 
where there is no path. One charm of the seaside is the sight of all the 
boats that come and go—all the fishing smacks with brown, patched 
sails, all the rowing boats, then the yachts, and last of all the big 
steamers that often do not come near us. Where do they go ? 

Picture 10 shows the kind of country which many know quite 
well. It is very often rather flat, or only slightly hilly country, and 
stretches on and on. The soil is soft and rich. Cottages and 
farmhouses are seen everywhere, and villages are not far apart. 
The country seems all divided up into fields, and some of them 
are planted with corn of some kind, wheat, or oats, or barley. The 







11 



No. 9 . 


„-i. jikuiuii tooper 

Seaside. 



No. 10 


Country 





12 



No. 11 


Winter. 



No. 12 


Spring 


T. Mower Martin 





THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


13 


fields are often separated by hedge-rows; and the roads that wind 
between green banks and hedges, form beautiful cool lanes. All the 
corn, as well as potatoes, turnips, and other vegetables, is grown for 
food. There is far more food here than the people in the villages can 
eat. They send it away to the town, where other people buy it. Is 
there enough to go round ? 

In other parts we find quite different country, as pictures 7 and 8 
show. It may be hilly, and everywhere green grass may grow. In such 
a place there will be many farms and villages. The people keep cattle 
and sheep. It may also be mountainous, as in picture 8, which comes 
from Scotland. There the mountains are covered with large stretches 
of moorland, and the ground is rocky or sandy. Moss, heather, and 
harsh, wiry grass grow there. There are few villages, few farms, only 
scattered cottages, and most of the people keep sheep. Cattle are 
very useful to man for food, for clothing, and for many other things, 
and so are sheep. The people have more than they want, and they send 
the rest away to places where there are not enough oxen and sheep. 
They also send away butter, milk, and cheese. Where do they all go ? 

You will see that all the things that are needed for the life we live 
are not found in any one part of the country, and that some people 
will have more than they need of one kind of thing and none of another. 
People in different countries must exchange some of the things they 
have for some that others have in plenty. This is how marketing began. 

3. WEATHER AND SEASONS. 

We have been talking about homes, and places, and different 
kinds of work ; but, when you come to think of it, neither the homes, 
the places, the work, nor we ourselves are actually the same all the year 
round. The particular look of our home and our surroundings, the 
particular work that is done, the particular mood that we are in, all 
depend upon the weather, or more correctly, the particular set of 
“ weathers ” that we call the seasons. Of course, the difference that the 
weather makes is less noticeable in cities, but even there it has to be 


14 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


reckoned with. Yet even the weather is not the same everywhere. 
In some places the weather is cold and wet the greater part of the year, 
while in others little rain falls, and there is much sunshine and warmth ; 
in some places the wind blows a great deal, while in others there is 
only a little wind in the year. Although we cannot depend on the 
weather, and find it the same in no two places, yet all children 
know, that everywhere in Great Britain, we have four seasons. 

There is the glorious summer-time. Then it is very warm, there is 
much sunshine, occasionally there is a thunderstorm, but usually the 
ground is dry. It is the time when there are flowers in greatest plenty, 
and when their colours are brightest,—first look at picture 13 with 
the poppies — “ all silk and flame.” There is the buzzing of 
thousands of insects, and in the woods the song of a bird may still 
now and then be heard. The corn is ripening in the fields, you can 
just see it on the left hand side of the picture, and the fruit trees show 
swelling apples, pears, and plums. 

Then Autumn comes. The time of harvest when the corn has been 
cut and is standing bound in sheaves, when the apples are ripe and are 
falling. Blackberries are ripe in the hedges, and the nuts are turning- 
brown. Many of the leaves of trees and bushes are changing their colour, 
and become yellow, red, and brown. The singing of the birds is hardly 
heard at all, and there are fewer of them, and many are restless. The 
swallows are gathering together in flocks, and are making much fuss. 
One day they are gone, and we are told that they are gone over 
the sea to some warmer country. One would like to know what 
they see on their way, and what kind of a country it is to which they 
go. It must be very wonderful there—so far away ! 

When the leaves have fallen, when the birds are gone, when it is 
very cold, and the little animals have fallen asleep, and the pools are 
frozen, and when snowflakes drift down one by one and make a 
covering for all the land, when it is very white and still, then Winter 
has really come. Sometimes the icy wind howls about the chimney, 
sometimes fogs rise up and creep over the hills, and we are sorry 






15 



No. 13. 


Poppies. 


Sutton Palmer 





No. 14 


Autumn in tiie Woods 




16 



iyfe# 


No. 1"). 


An Oasis in the Desert. 



|||C f 

@C * • 

' 


Camels. 


• ■/ • 


No. 16. 




:>» * 


v.’! ;-•> 

T * * v. 


* .. 

G. Vernon Stokes 










THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


17 


for all those who are at sea or wander through lonely places. To 
think that there are countries far away, where it is winter for the 
greater part of the year, and a much fiercer winter! 

But Spring comes at last. It brings with it warmer sunshine, 
melting snow and ice, and the coming up of leaves, snowdrops, crocuses, 
primroses, violets and daffodils. A lark in the field, a thrush busy with 
nest building—young chicks, and ducklings, and lambs. You know all 
this and much more about our country, but every boy and girl would 
dearly like to hear about other countries where things are so much 
more wonderful,—where there are strange creatures, fierce lions and 
tigers, where parrots and other lovely birds fly about in the trees ; 
where men find gold, and build huge palaces and temples with idols 
in them ; where there are camels, and deserts, and great rivers with 
crocodiles; where it is burning hot or freezing cold. The rest of 
this book with its pictures will tel you of these things and more 
than you have ever heard before. 

II. Countries Where it is Very Hot. 

I. THE DESERT AND THE CAMEL. 

You will have heard stories about deserts, and you know that the 
deserts are far away, and that the greatest of all is in Africa. You 
know that it is very hot there, and that there is no water. The desert 
of Sahara is greater than you can imagine, and a great part of it 
is sand—yellow, dry sand. In some places it is hilly and rocky, 
but everywhere it is waste and bare. The wind often blows up the 
sand in great clouds, or sweeps it along till it forms ridges and hills 
that are called dunes, but as they are loose sand, they shift their places 

with every wind. 

You will think the desert is a dreary place, and that you would not 
care to see it, but you have not been told yet what makes it so 
beautiful that those who have been there once, feel that there is 
nothing like it. The wind rarely ceases to blow, now filling up hollows. 


18 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


now emptying them again, and now raising and moving the dunes, so 
that the desert seems to be always moving, like a great sea of sand 
with its waves. The sky is like copper, and there is such blazing 
sunshine that the golden sand flickers and sparkles, and the gaunt rocks 
with their quaint shapes are lit up in ever-changing colours. The sky, 
the sand, the rocks and the hills have colours such as you see nowhere 
else, and it is so still there, so still all day long. But is there nothing 
alive there, no creatures hurrying away as you come? Do you not 
sometimes hear the roar of a lion, who is said to be the king of the 
desert ? It is quite true that there are animals living there. The desert 
lark, which can fly tremendous distances, and the sand grouse. There 
are the jerboas, which are something like squirrels, with hind legs that 
help them to jump ; they live in colonies underground. The gazelle is 
the creature that is best suited for desert life. All the animals, whether 
they are birds, beasts, or insects, are greyish or yellowish in colour, with 
spots, streaks or blurs ; when they are afraid of enemies, they crouch in 
the sand and are quite still. Why do they do this ? But if they are 
roused, they all run wonderfully swiftly, and some fly very quickly as 
well. They are all wandering animals, as the food they find is so scanty 
that it never lasts for long, and they must move on and find more. 

The lions do not live in this very dry, sandy part of the desert, they 
would not find enough food there, but you will hear about them 
later on. > 

It is not quite right to say that the desert is quite waste everywhere. 
Here and there at long distances there is a natural spring or well; and 
as soon as there is water everything seems changed. Plants spring up, 
and among them even palm trees—who brought the seeds there first of 
all? A green place like this is called an oasis. When you look at 
picture 15 you can see how beautiful an oasis may be. Some oases are 
very large, and men cultivate them, and grow corn, rice, cotton, and 
fruit trees there, and keep herds of cattle, sheep and goats. 

For travelling in the desert no animal is so well fitted as the camel. 
Its large broad feet do not sink into the sands as the hoofs of some of 


19 



No. 18. The Judean Desert and the Dead Sea. John Fuiieyiovt 















20 



Alan Wright 

No. 19. Trained Elephant. 





yw 1 - 


Wild Elephants. 


R. Talbot Kelly 






No. 20 



























THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


21 


its relations would do. It has great strength and power of endurance. 
The wall of a part of its stomach is very peculiar. It has pouches 
of skin in which water can be stored up for some time. Thus the camel 
does not feel thirsty so soon, and can do without water for a few days. 
The camel is used everywhere for travelling in the desert, and the 
Arabs have two chief breeds, riding camels, or dromedaries, and 
baggage camels. There are no wild camels now, they are bred and kept 
by the people in the same way that our farmers keep cattle. They 
are their most precious treasure, and when a little camel is born, 
there is great rejoicing. There is a story that the camel was created 
from the same handful of earth as Adam, and remains with man 
for the whole of its life, and that, when it dies, it too goes to Paradise. 

When a journey has to be undertaken across the desert, a number 
of camels are selected, and the baggage camels are loaded. This is 
by no means an easy matter, as the creatures seem to have a foreboding 
of the many weary days to come, and they scream, and snarl, and 
struggle, and even kick and bite. The riding camels are saddled, over 
their humps, and the travellers swing themselves into the saddle. 
Then one camel takes the lead, and all the others follow, and the whole 
caravan moves onwards into the vast still desert. 

Of the hardships of desert travelling other books will tell you more. 
Almost suddenly, with scarcely any dawn, the sun rises in the morning 
like a ball of fire, and there is burning heat all day with dazzling 
bright light. The trot of the camel, the jerks, and the jolting are not 
pleasant; the thirst is almost unbearable, and the water in the skin 
bags is warm and brown, and has a bad smell. At night the heat 
is so great that travellers cannot sleep, or have terrible dreams. Yet 
people learn to bear these things. The worst foe is the storm, and, if it 
lasts for several days, both men and camels perish. Picture 17 shows 
you the coming of a storm, but probably it will not last long. 


22 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


2. ELEPHANTS, LIONS, AND TIGERS. 

Although there are no wild camels anywhere now, in many 
countries there are other large wild beasts, and some of them are 
terribly fierce. The largest of all is the elephant, but men have 
been able to catch and tame elephants, and now they have become 
domestic animals. They are used as beasts of burden, but especially 
for travelling through thickets and jungles where there are no roads. 
With their great heavy feet they trample down the bushes, and with 
their trunks they tear up trees, clearing the way. When roads are made 
they help very cleverly to carry beams and stones and other materials 
from place to place. We often read stories of their great intelligence. 

The home of wild elephants is in the hilly parts of northern 
India, and in the Jungle, which you see in picture 21 ; but there 
are also elephants in the great forests of Africa and other countries. 
They are never far away from swamps and river beds, as they are 
very fond of water. In the day time they hide in thickets and in the 
dense part of the forest, but at dusk they go out for food and exercise, 
and the little ones play. They eat grass, bushes, and tender branches 
of trees, and their meals are very large, but in those forests there is 
enough for them all. Each herd is one great family, they are all related 
to each other; and the finest and wisest elephant is leader of them all. 
Sometimes they come near the homes of the people and destroy planta¬ 
tions of banana trees, rice fields, or sugar plantations, but this does not 
happen very often. 

In the Jungles of India, perhaps the fiercest of all wild 
animals lives, and that is the tiger. It lives alone, and hunts when 
it is dusk. It hides and sleeps in the tall reeds and grasses of the 
swamp. You would think that anyone would discover it there by 
its tawny coat and black stripes, but you must remember that it lives 
in a sunny land, and that the branches and stems cast dark shadows, 
and so it is quite in keeping. Unlike the elephant it lives altogether 
on animal food, and kills deer and other creatures. It often comes 
near the homes of men and steals and kills their cattle. Some tigers, 


23 















24 




No. 24. Plantation of Bananas. 






THE WOULD IN PICTURES 


25 


called man-eaters, even kill human beings, and people are terribly 
afraid of them, because they are so strong, cunning, and fierce. 
Many people believe that these tigers have been given permission 
to kill man. How that came to pass you can read in a fine story by 
Rudyard Kipling in his Second Jungle Book, 

There are very many more tigers than lions. Most of the latter live 
in Africa, on the borders of the deserts. Like the tigers they hide in 
the day time among reeds and thorn-bushes, and come out to hunt 
their prey at night time. The tiger rarely roars, but the lion 
roars very frequently, and the sound in the forests is much more 
powerful and grander than their roar in the cage at the Zoo. 
Lions rarely kill human beings for food, they do it only when they 
are growing old and cannot run quickly enough after deer. These 
beautiful wild animals cannot easily be tamed, and one cannot help 
being sorry for them when they have to be kept in cages. You would, 
I am sure, like best to see a lion standing among the yellow jagged 
rocks near the desert, shaking his great mane, roaring from time to 
time, and near him the lioness, who has a fine head but no mane. 
There may be two pretty lion-kittens or lion cubs playing with 
her tail and rolling over and over. Shut your eyes and you will 
see and hear them. 

3. WHAT THE GREAT SHIPS BRING HOME. 

When you were staying at the seaside and saw the great ships go 
by, far out in the sea, you wondered where they were sailing to, and 
what they brought home. It would take a much larger book than 
this to tell you what you want to know, but a great part of it you can 
think out for yourself. Think over and ask of what things the food 
is made that you eat, and of what things our clothes and ornaments 
and homes are made, and you will at once see that a great many 
were neither found nor grown in your own country. As your country 
is surrounded by sea, it is the big ships that must have brought 
them, but you cannot tell by looking at them from what places they 


>0 























THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


27 


have come nor anything about them. The pictures will tell you 
something about a few of the fruits that the ships have brought 
from very hot countries. 

Picture 25 shows you some palm trees; they are the coco-nut 
palms. Do you see that the palm trees have no branches like our 
trees, only a large tuft of long feathery leaves at the top of the 
trunk? You can see how tall the trees must be by measuring how 
many times higher they are than the man below. It is very difficult 
to climb a palm tree, and sometimes the men fasten irons to their 
feet, so that they can stick them into the trunk, and tie ropes 
round their bodies. In this way they can reach the coco-nuts which 
grow in bunches at the top of the trunk. We think the kernel of the 
coco-nut is very nice to eat, either as it is, or made up into sweets, but 
to the people who live in the land where these trees grow, the kernels 
are not the most valuable part. There you may see huts made of the 
wood of coco-nut palms, and covered with dried palm leaves. On the 
floor there is matting made of leaves. The fibre of the nut produces 
string and rope, and from these nets are made. The nuts are nourishing 
food, and the milk inside the fresh kernels is used for drink—even 
medicine is prepared from the flowers of the coco-nut, and oil for burning 
from the nut. 

Picture 26 shows you some other palm trees on which the 
date grows. Date palms are often cultivated in the oases of the 
great desert, and from there, it may be, they are brought to us, 
first on the backs of mules, then perhaps on camels, and then over the 
sea in ships. Sometimes the poorer sorts of dates are given to the 
cattle, camels, horses, and goats, who all seem to like them. Our 
animals never get dates to eat! 

Picture 23 shows you a cacao tree, or as we call it, cocoa tree, 
pronounced as if it were the same as the coco-nut palm tree. You 
can see the pods growing on the tree. Some grow on the branches 
and some directly on the trunk. The pods are about as long as your 
hand, or longer, and inside there is some soft pulp, and twenty 



28 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


to forty seeds. These are the cacao beans. They have to be very 
specially prepared and roasted before they can be made into cocoa 
and chocolate. The cacao tree grows in the hot part of America, 
and the fruit is gathered by people with copper-coloured skins. 

Picture 24 shows you yet another curious tree. The banana 
tree is rather like a palm tree, but has no feathery leaves. It 
grows in America too, but in other hot countries as well. The 
bananas grow in huge bunches, you sometimes see them at the 
green-grocers. One bunch may be twice as heavy as you are. They 
are generally sent to us unripe, because the ripe fruit does not keep, 
and they grow yellow and ripe with us even though they are no longer 
on the tree. 

4. WHERE THE SWALLOW FLIES. 

If you live in the country, you will have seen the swallows crowd 
together in the autumn on the house tops, bridges, and telegraph wires, 
and twitter and chatter and make a great fuss. They are talking 
over their preparations for the long journey to a warmer country. 
They have never learnt any geography, and do not understand 
railways and sign-posts, yet quite certainly they find their way to the 
warm land, where no frosts kill off flies and midges, and where there is 
plenty of food. Quite certainly, also, do they find their way home 
to us when spring-time comes. 

As we cannot go with the swallows, we cannot tell exactly to what 
countries they make their way, but those who have studied the birds, 
are quite sure that the swallows fly in the direction where the sun is 
at mid-day, and that they fly over the sea. You know how big the 
sea is, and so you will see how strong the swallows’ wings must be if 
they can go on flying so far without ever resting. Sometimes they will 
see a ship, and, if they are weary, they will fly down upon it and settle 
on the masts and sails, and give their wings a rest. 

Probably all our swallows spend the winter in some part of Africa, 
and it is likely that the greater number go to Egypt. You have heard 


29 











30 



No. 29. 


Swallows in 


Egypt. 


Charles U'hj/mper 











THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


31 


°f before, it was when you were learning about Joseph and 

Pharaoh and Moses. The swallows fly to the very place where they 
lived. You have probably also heard of the great, great river Nile, 
that flows through Egypt, and about the crocodiles that live in some 
parts of it. In the beautiful picture opposite swallows are seen flying 
over the Nile. 

Yes, Egypt is a wonderful country; it is mostly dry and warm 
there, and the rain only falls at certain definite times in the year. 
When, towards the end of summer, the heavy rains fall among the 
hills where the rivers rise that feed the Nile, then the Nile overflows 
its banks, and floods all the country. This happens every year at 
about the same time, and the people are very glad, because the 
floods bring down dark mud from the mountains, and this is spread 
over a great part of their country which is very sandy. It makes the 
ground very rich, when otherwise nothing would have grown in it. 
When the Nile floods are highest, Egypt is like a sea with the villages 
rising above the water like islands, and with rafts floating about on 
which many people live for a time. The Egyptians have long ago learnt 
to cut canals and ditches through their fields, so that the precious 
water of their river can be spread through the land as far as possible. 

All kinds of corn are grown in their fields, also rice, sugar-cane, and 
cotton ; in some places there are great fields of roses. 

The swallows arrive just about the time that the floods go down, 
and the islands and sand-banks begin to appear. It is there that 
insects of every kind abound, and they may become a perfect plague, 
but the swallows do not think so. They are in fine company there, for 
numbers of handsome storks wade about in the mud, and make their 
meals off frogs, snakes, and other creatures. Many wild geese and ducks 
assemble, and the pelican and the cormorant, whom you may see at the 
Zoo. It is just the kind of country that suits the crocodiles best, 
since it is warm and wet, and therefore there are a great many of them. 

When the river becomes low, the mud dries up, the flying 
insects grow scarce, and the heat is very great. Then the swallows 


32 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


assemble once more and fly over the sea and come back to us; and, 
when they come back, it is Spring. 

There are many grand things in Egypt which a swallow would 
never notice, but which seem wonderful and strange to all the 
people who go to Egypt. There are the great Pyramids, which 
it took thousands of people about thirty years to build. There are 
the ancient tombs of Egyptian kings. There is the great Sphinx, 
which is an enormous statue, whose body is that of a lioness, and 
whose head has a human face. Nobody knows now what the Sphinx 
means, but some people believed that it was put there to guard 
Egypt and keep the sands of the desert from coming in upon it. 


III. Countries Where it is Very Cold. 

i.—HOW PEOPLE LIVE AMID ICE AND SNOW. 

Far, far away in the direction of the glittering Pole Star, we 
come to the land of ice and snow, the home of the cold winds. Here 
there are regions where the ice never melts, and where there is eternal 
snow. You would not find people living here, for no food can be 
found, and even fishing in the sea is impossible on account of the ice. 
It is all a “ playground for icebergs.” 

In other parts where the snow melts in the lower-lying plains, 
during the summer of three or four months, people have actually made 
their home. Such people are the Eskimo. Their home is dreary 
and desolate. The rough winds from the Polar Sea blow frequently, 
so that even in summer, only mosses and grasses and a few other 
low-growing plants can flourish, and there are no trees. For months 
there is not only thick snow everywhere, and the cold intense, 
but it is also nearly always dark, each single night being much 
longer than the day. Once a year it happens that the daylight 
never comes at all in twenty-four hours. One very beautiful and 
grand sight may be seen there, and that is the great northern light, 


33 



No. 31. 


Eskimos. 



C. Hayter 

IVo. 32. Lapp Herder’s Encampment. 















































*34 



Aico Jungman 

No. 33. Men on Ski Drinking. 



M iU 




No. 34 


Reindeer 


Vernon Stokes and Alan Wright 














THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


85 


the Aurora. It is like a great crown of light in the sky at the 
horizon, flaming in red, green, and golden colours, and rays and 
darts of light shoot up into the dark, and a beautiful glow spreads 

over the white snow plain and the jet black sea, and it is all 
like magic. 

Naturally, in a place that is so cold, people must dress very 
warmly. The dress of men and women is nearly alike, it is all made 
of two reindeer or seal skins, one has the fur inside and the other 
outside. The people all wear breeches and jackets and boots that 
are wonderfully strong and water-tight, and that will not let the snow 
through. 

The Eskimo have no wood, except what the sea-waves drift 
along from other parts, so they cannot build their huts with wood. 
They sometimes build them of rough stones and earth, and very often 
of snow. The huts in which they spend the winter must be low and 
rounded, like bee-hives, so as to catch the wind as little as possible. 
If there is no shelter for the huts they often build a long covered 
passage to lead up to the door, which will keep the cold air off from 
it. The passage is so low that the people have to creep in on hands 
and feet. Inside there are some seats, sleeping places, and a table. 
As there is no chink left for the cold air to come in at, and as 
many people are crowded together, a great fire is not needed. A 
burning oil lamp is sufficient, especially as not much cooking is done, 
and the people eat chiefly oil, and fat, and raw dried meat. The 
hut is smoky and stuffy, but it is snug, and the Eskimo is content 
with his home. Some of the Eskimo tribes do not remain in the same 
place all the year round, but move from place to place either for 
seal or whale hunting, or to find food for the reindeer. These people, 
in the summer-time, often make huts and tents of skins and poles 
of drift wood. You can see them in picture 31. Lapland is another 
country where there is a long and bitterly cold winter, and picture 
32 shows you that here too the natives make huts of skin, and that, 
in summer they leave off wearing their fur jackets. 

All this time you have heard nothing of two most interesting 

c 


36 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


animals that live with the people in the land of ice and snow, the 
reindeer and the dog. The reindeer is as valuable to the Eskimo or 
Lapp as the camel is to the Arabs in the desert. You can see some 
reindeer in pictures 32 and 34. Unlike the other domestic animals, it 
need not be kept in sheds and stables, but wanders about and finds 
its own food, being content with moss and lichen. It can easily be 
tamed and trained to pull a sledge. Its backbone is weak, so that 
it cannot carry loads on its back and cannot be used for riding. 
Every part of the reindeer is used when it dies. The flesh serves as 
food, its skin is used for tents, clothing, reins and straps, and its bones 
for tools and household things. 

Neither the Lapps nor the Eskimo could exist without their dogs, 
and a whole book might be written about these valuable creatures. 
There is a lovely story about one in the book by Rudyard Kipling that 
has been mentioned before — The Second Jungle Book. The story is 
called “ Quiquern.” 

In Norway, during the long winter months, everybody goes about 
the country on large wooden snowshoes called Ski. Without them 
it would not be possible to travel very far in the snow. Children have 
their first lesson when they are about three years of age and they go 
to school on them. Soldiers march on them, farmers, milkmaids, 
cowboys, and all country people may be seen going from place to 
place on them. 

The Norwegians were the first to use Ski, but now in every other 
country where the snow lies deep in winter the people use them. 

2 . AMONG THE HIGH MOUNTAINS. 

There are many countries in the world where the mountains 
are very high. You will have heard that the Himalaya Mountains 
are the very highest. They are in Asia, and their name means, 
“ Abode of the Snow.” If the mountains are very high they are 
covered with eternal snow, but on all mountains it is much colder near 
the top than at the foot. That is very strange, considering that you 


37 



A. Heaton Cooper 

No. 35. Norwegian Fjord. 



L 

No. 36. 


A - ' 

tv ’. , 

■ ' v) 

J. Hardwicke Lewis 

Bringing Hay down Mountain Sdope. 








88 














THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


39 


seem to get nearer and nearer to the sun as you climb. Later on you 
will learn how it is that the tops of high mountains are cold, even in 
warm countries. 

The coloured pictures 37 and 38, and the black and white picture 
39, show you some very high and beautiful mountains in the Alps. 
They all have eternal ice and snow, but in picture 39, the mountain 
has some sides so steep and rocky that no snow has ever settled 
there at all, and so the bare rock can be seen. On many of the high 
mountains, there are snowfields and glaciers. These are rivers of ice 
and frozen snow that slowly make their way downwards. There 
are also stretches of bare rocks, and there you will see no trees or 
any other plants. In winter the snow and ice stretch right down 
into the valleys, but in summer, as you will see in picture 37, much of 
this melts and only the mountain tops remain covered. As the snow 
melts on the lower slopes, the most beautiful pastures appear, full of 
lovely spring flowers, so that they look like a brightly coloured carpet. 
Even where it is too rocky for the grass to grow, clumps and tufts of 
grass and the most beautiful flowers come up from the cracks in the 
rocks. No sooner are the flowers out than butterflies and bees and 
beetles appear in numbers, and the whole place is gay with life and 
colour. 

In picture 39 you see a lonely hut, made of rough stones 
with some boulders on the roof. When the flowers first appear 
the hut is quite deserted, and but for the hum of the insects 
and the call of a bird, there is not a sound to be heard. But one day 
you will hear the clanging and ringing of little bells, and the booming 
of big ones, and calling and shouting. A strange procession is coming 
up from the valley. A large herd of cows and some bullocks 
make their way up. In front is a splendid cow decorated with 
wreaths, and with a huge bell of which she is very proud. With the 
herd are two or three men and women, all in their best clothes and 
with posies. Probably, too, at the end of the party, some boys follow 
with goats. They have all come to spend the summer at the lonely 
hut. It is not for a holiday they come, for this is a busy time. They 


40 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


have been chosen by the village to which they belong, to take up all the 
cattle to this pasture, and to keep record of how much milk they get, 
and how much butter and cheese they make during the summer. 
This sounds very delightful and easy, but it is often a hard task. The 
cattle will stray and lose themselves among the rocks, or a cow may hurt 
her foot and must be nursed. Often water is difficult to obtain, or 
there is a plague of flies and gnats. It is worst of all when thunder¬ 
storms come, when lightning leaps from peak to peak, and the thunder 
crashes, and the echo resounds again and again among the hills. A 
deluge of rain follows, which changes every little streamlet into a 
mountain torrent, and tears everything along with it. Then it is only 
by coaxing and petting, that the men can prevent the cattle from 
breaking loose in their terror and dashing over a precipice. 

The black and white picture 35 shows you one of these huts on 
some other mountains, and the cows are just being milked. It is a 
peaceful evening. 

One other piece of work the herdsmen have to do. They must cut 
the grass on the very steep slopes where the cattle do not go. The 
grass is so rich and sweet that every little plot is cut for hay. The cows 
give lovely milk in all places where they have this hay for food. In the 
autumn when the party leaves the hut again, they cannot take the hay 
with them, because on those steep slopes no cart could be used. But 
picture 36 shows you what happens. In the winter the snow covers 
the pastures, the men and women go up again, tie the precious hay 
upon low sledges, and slide down the mountain side with their load ever 
so quickly. 

The hut is lonely again, and for months no one comes, except 
perhaps a man with a gun. He is a chamois hunter. The chamois are 
graceful deer-like creatures which live among the bare rocks near the 
eternal snow. They are very nimble, and can climb and leap. There 
are many parts in the Alps where they are safe, as no man can climb up 
to them. In picture 40 you will see a chamois hunter and some 
chamois. 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


41 



No. 40. A Chamois Hunter. 





















































































42 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


IV. The Red Indian, and How He Lives. 

There is probably not a boy or girl who has not read some story 
about the Red Indians. In what kind of a country do they live ? Judg¬ 
ing by the name, one would think that they lived in India, but that must 
have been a mistake. When the first White men landed in America 
they thought that they had found India by a new way, and so they 
called the copper-coloured people Red Indians, and ever since then they 
have been called by this name. As all the stories tell you, those Red¬ 
skins were brave and fierce and proud and noble. They spent their 
time in hunting and fishing and also in fighting. They were powerful 
in their land. Times have changed since then. The White people who 
came from across the sea, drove them farther and farther inland, broke 
up their tribes, treated them cruelly, and killed many of them. There are 
not nearly so many Red-skins now as there were at one time, their tribes 
have dwindled down, and live scattered in the forests and the great 
plains. Many of the wild animals which they used to hunt, have also 
become fewer, and so more and more of the Indians, to avoid starvation, 
have to settle down and cultivate fields and keep cattle instead of 
roaming over the prairies from place to place and leading a wild 
hunter's life. Although in some places the Indians imitate the 
White people and till farms and send their children to school, there 
are still a great many who love their life of hunting and wandering so 
much that they cannot give it up, and when they can find no game 
to kill, prefer to starve. 

Picture 42 shows you an Indian chief as he used to be when 
the Indians roamed over the prairies and ornamented themselves with 
paints and feathers. The Indian woman did not wear such fine 
clothes. She had a great deal of hard work to do. She cooked all 
the food, found and chopped the firewood, prepared the skins and 
made all the clothing. When there was plenty of food, she used to 
have what was left after the men had eaten ; when there was not 
much, she gave her scraps to the little ones and went without 


43 




No. 41. A Birch-Bark Canoe 








44 




Buffaloes in one of the Canadian National Parks. 


No. 43. 


No. 44. 


Indians as they are To-day 












THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


45 


anything. But the modern Indians have left off their finery and wear 
clothes like those of the White man. Y ou will see the Indian of the 
present day in picture 44. These Indians nearly all live in “ reserves,” 
that is, tracts of land which the Government gives to them, and in 
which White men are not allowed to live. The reserve is meant for 
the Indian alone, and he is allowed to till it and do what he pleases 
with it. The Government also gives him help in providing him 
with food. The Indians do, however, make a little by hunting and 
by selling venison and deer's horns to White settlers. Then, again, 
in certain districts, they help to gather strawberries in the middle 
of the summer, or pick hops in the autumn. In Canada the Indians 
are very little seen in the cities and towns of the White man. You 
may see a few at wayside stations, come to offer mocassins, gloves, 
purses, or deer's horns to the passing traveller. 

One of the most important and valuable inventions that the White 
man owes to the Red-skins is the birch-bark canoe, which has not 
been altered since the days of long ago, because it could not be improved 
upon. The birch bark is very light and tough as leather, and is used 
for the outside. The inside is made of thin strips of cedar wood. 
The whole canoe is very durable and sails well. It is so light that 
it can easily be carried from one stream or lake to another. The 
coloured picture 41 show^s you a man carrying a canoe on his 
head and shoulders. In these canoes the Indians can go even through 
whirlpools and over waterfalls. It is the Indians of the forest that 
use the canoes ; those who live on the plains, have no use for them. 
There, as far as the eye can see, all is a vast sea of grass, without a 
tree or any other landmark. At the beginning of summer these prairies 
are beautifully fresh with the tall, green prairie grass and bright 
flowers. Later on they become parched and dry, all the plants wither 
and it is a dreary wilderness. Not very long ago enormous herds of 
buffaloes once browsed on these vast plains, but with the coming of 
the White man they have almost all died out, and those that remain 
are in the great National Parks as shown in picture 43. 


46 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


V. The Treasure of the Sea. 

Those who have lived at the seaside, know well that it is not only 
in order to go to other countries that boats are sent out to sea. Many 
of our small boats go out for a very different purpose. For ages the 
creatures of the sea have been valuable to man, especially for food. 
Enormous quantities of fish are caught all over the world every year. 
In the case of corn and other plants man has to sow before he can reap, 
but with the fishes in the sea it is different. Although so many are 
caught, there always seem to be plenty. 

It is only where some particular kind of fish has been recklessly 
caught in especially large quantities that they seem gradually to 
decrease, and men become their own enemies in wilfully destroying 
what is most valuable to them. Most people now realise that, if 
only they leave the fish alone at the time of year when they 
lay their spawn, and if they only have large meshes in their nets, 
so that the young fish can escape through them, the stock of fish 
in the sea will be kept up, and they will never be in want. 

People wish the fishermen good luck when they go out for a 
night's fishing, and as the boats come home, one by one, as in the 
picture, those who watch for them wonder whether they have been 
lucky. It is all a matter of chance whether their nets will be full or 
not. There may be numbers of herrings along one part of the coast 
at a particular season for many years, and all at once there may be 
none, and no one knows why. The weather makes a difference too, 
and fishing is a serious matter when the sea is very rough. Again and 
again a fishing smack has put to sea, and a storm has come on before 
it can reach a safe harbour. The people on shore wait day after day 
for news, and there is none. 

There are many different ways of fishing. A line is used with 
hook and bait at the end of it, or a net that is kept open is drawn 
behind the boat, or another sort of net is “ trawled ” along the bottom, 
catching fish which keep near the ground. 


47 




xt 4- n x-r/'-i -A ovarian Hardy A ico J uugmctji 

No. 4 i >. Spearing Fish, British New Guinea. No. 46. Normandy Fishing Boats. 




















48 




No. 47. Transferring Salmon to the Wharf. No. 48 , A Belgian Fisherwoman, 







THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


49 


Picture 45 shows you some savages of the South Sea Islands 
who are catching fish in quite a different way—no one can do this 
in England. These men have a kind of spear with several prongs 
at the tip. This they thrust into the water when they see a fish 
gleaming, and here one fish has just been caught. Of course, there is 
a piece of cord attached to the other end of the spear, so that they 
can draw it in again when they have thrown it out a long way. These 
same people can shoot fishes with their bows and arrows, and you may 
see them suddenly spring forward and send off an arrow with great 
speed as a fish comes in sight. 

Picture 48 shows a woman from the other side of the English 
Channel, she too has been fishing, but it is not proper fish 
she has been catching, but shrimps. On her right arm she is carry¬ 
ing a net rolled up on a pole. The nets are very much like those 
that are used for dredging and trawling. At the seaside you may 
have seen people using shrimping nets which they push along the 
rocks. The net that this woman is using is like them, but is made 
to drag along instead of being pushed. These shrimpers sometimes 
harness a horse to their shrimping net and then ride on it as it goes 
through the shallow water. 

Picture 47 will give you some idea of the huge quantity of 
fish that is caught in some parts of the world. This is in America, 
and the fish are salmon. The boats are sometimes loaded to the 
edge with these handsome fish. They are taken to the canneries, 
which are buildings for the tinning of fish. 


VI. In the Great Forests. 

In damp, hot countries, and in cold countries where the summer 
is warm, there are mighty forests. But the forests are not the same 
in all these regions. In our own country the forests are taken 
care of j dead and diseased trees are cut down and removed, and 
where the trees grow so thickly that most of them are weak 


50 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


and thin, the forester clears the wood. Where part of the wood has 
been cut down, young trees are planted and cared for so that a new 
forest may soon grow up. In some parts of the world there are, in 
lonely regions, such huge forests that they have never been penetrated 
by man ; this is especially true of the tropical forests. These are 
primeval forests, in which the trees and other plants live, struggle, 
and die. No man sees it all happen. 

The primeval forests in hot countries are a fairy land. The trees 
grow like giants, and there are palms, and trees with branches and leaves 
something like our own. Creepers and trailing plants make beautiful 
green arches, and climbing to the tree tops into the sunlight unfold 
lovely blossoms. The ground is covered with thickly matted bushes 
through which you cannot see, and above them are low trees so that, 
from the ground to the highest branch of a giant tree, the forest is a 
maze of glorious growth and life. Through it you can hear sounds and 
notes of creatures whose home this is; the cries of monkeys, the 
screeching of parrots, the song of other birds, and the buzzing of insects, 
and every now and then you can get a glimpse of these dwellers of the 
forest. Then there are the leopards, and various kinds of deer. Unless 
a traveller is used to the forest he will not see these. The bat hanging 
from a tree looks like a withered leaf; the grey lemur crouching on an 
old branch covered with lichen seems like a knot or growth upon it; 
the leopard lying on a patch of dry leaves and flowers is like them in 
colour; everywhere the wild things are similar in colour, and even in 
general form, to their surroundings. 

The coloured picture 49 shows you a little part of such a forest 
where the peacock is at home. 

In picture 50 you see part of a very different kind of wood. 
It is a birch wood, which is found sometimes in very cold countries, 
but never where it is very hot. It consists of only one kind of 
tree, and that makes it different from the tropical forests. You 
can see that it is very beautiful. Its trees have slender, graceful 
trunks and silver-white bark. The leaves fall at the end of summer, 


51 


















52 




Mammoth Trees. Pacific Coast. No. 52, ( Pine Trees 

















THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


53 


and when they appear on the bare twigs in spring, there is a green 
shimmer as if the wood were lit up with fairy light. What time 
of year is it in the picture? 

Clothing the sides of the mountains up to the regions of bare rock 
and ice and snow, are the firwoods and pinewoods. They, too, may 
be immense forests. They are the home of the Christmas tree. The 
trees often stand so close together, and have such dark needles on 
their branches, that it is like night in the wood. As it is so dark, 
very few plants grow on the ground ; only here and there is some 
moss. Besides, all the needles that fall do not decay quickly, as the 
leaves do, but form a thick layer from which the plants can not get 
nourishment. Now and then, through a gap in the branches, a 
sunbeam makes a golden spot on the ground, as it does when 
coming on to the floor through a chink in the shutter. In the 
pinewoods are squirrels. 

In America there are tremendous forests consisting of many 
different kinds of leaf-bearing trees. Picture 51 shows you some 
monster trees. You can see how big they are by the size of the man 
who stands by them. In the autumn, bands of young men go to the 
forests. Some of the strongest fell trees, others cut them into logs, and 
others drag them to the lake or river. The men can drag them more 
easily when there is ice and snow on the ground. In spring when the ice 
melts, the logs are drifted down the streams to the big lakes where 
they are towed by steam-tugs to the saw-mills. This work, called 
lumbering, is full of danger and hardship. 

VII. Hot Springs and Burning Mountains. 

You can hardly imagine what it is like to be able to come out of 
your cottage with kettles and pans containing water and food, and to 
place them in a pool near your front door, and have them cooked 
for you there. You see this happening in the coloured picture 54. 
Yes, it is quite true that in some parts of New Zealand and else- 




54 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


where there are hot springs, some as hot as your bath water, and 
others even hotter containing boiling water. 

There is a region called the Hot Lake District where hissing, 
smoking pools of water are everywhere to be found. Some spurt and 
splutter, and send up mountains of foamy water, others gurgle and 
steam, and you are never quite sure what will happen next. It is 
all very weird. There is little soil to be seen there, for the ground is 
covered with a kind of spongy pumice-stone, which has been formed 
by the water. It appears like terraces, ridges, and steps, and is often 
coloured red, yellow, and green, in all the tints of the rainbow. 

The hot springs which from time to time shoot high up into 
the air like a fountain, are called geysers. There are many geysers 
in New Zealand both great and small, but picture 53 shows you 
a famous one in Iceland. Many travellers go there to see it. Some¬ 
times they see a marvellously beautiful sight, at other times they 
wait, and wait, and no fountain comes. In order to get near it you 
have to walk over loose flat stones of a kind of slate, and here and 
there and everywhere there are little pools of hot water and little spouts 
of steam, and you have to pick your way carefully. As you stand 
near the basin of the Great Geyser and wait, you may suddenly hear 
a rumbling noise like distant thunder, and the ground shakes under 
your feet. Then it is time to run, for this noise tells of a coming 
explosion. From a little mound near by you will see a wonderful 
sight. A spout of clear, pure water, sparkling in the sun, will rise 
to a tremendous height. About it there are clouds of thick, white 
steam, showing lovely rainbow colours as the sun shines upon it. 
You can see both the fountain and the steam in the picture, but to 
realise its full beauty you must go to Iceland. 

The eruptions of a geyser make one think of small earthquakes and 
of volcanoes, and it is quite true that these generally occur in the same 
districts. Many people call volcanoes burning mountains, but this does 
not seem quite right, as the mountain itself never burns. How is it 
that people have thought so? Perhaps because during the eruption 


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No. 55. 


Volcano in Eruption. 



No. 56 


Fuji-Yama 















THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


57 


there are often explosions among the materials and substances thrown 
out, which result in flame and vapour. Showers of ashes fall like 
hot rain over the surrounding country, and the molten rock or lava 
flows in a wide stream down the sides of the mountains. An eruption 
ol a volcano is one of the most terrible things that can happen in 

nature. Then the homes of people, and their possessions, and 

frequently even their lives are lost. 

In the black and white picture 55 you can see such an eruption 
going on, and you can see too, how a geyser has formed on its 
side, which is sending up fountains of hot water. 

Picture 56 shows you one of the most beautiful volcanoes in 

the world. It is in Japan, and is called Fuji -Yama. Almost 

everywhere you can see it rising up in grand slopes ; it is all alone 
on the plain. The Japanese see it so much that they can hardly 
imagine any landscape without it. So you will find among the 
decorated Japanese things which you see, if there should be a picture 
of a landscape, that there is sure to be a cone-shaped snow mountain in 
it—Fuji-Yama. An eruption has not taken place from it for a long 
time, but there is still one part of its crater where steam comes out, and 
where the stones are hot, and this shows that it is not quite asleep. 

VIII. Where the Loveliest Gardens Are. 

In the whole world there is no people who love flowers more dearly, 
and who admire them more than the Japanese. When the almond 
blossoms, or the cherry blossoms, appear on the bare trees, everybody 
goes out to see and enjoy them, and in some places they even have 
festivals to celebrate the event. You can see an almond-tree in 
blossom in picture 58, and we have almond-trees here in England in 
some of the gardens, but they are not so plentiful. The iris is another 
flower that gives the Japanese great pleasure, and they grow a. 
great many of them in their gardens, the Japanese know just what 
is most beautiful. As they are so fond of flowers, and of all things in 



58 



Ella du Cane __ m , _ T Ella da Cane 

No. 57. An Iris Garden in Japan. No. 58. An Old Japanese Garden. 








THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


59 


nature, and understand what is really beautiful, it is not to be wondered 
at that they are great and skilful gardeners. They would not think of 
making their gardens a long strip with walls on three sides, and a house 
on the fourth—a narrow bed running all along the walls, and a strip 
of lawn in the middle. Their gardens are like beautifully laid- 
out parks. “ They must be very grand, rich people then to have a 
park of their own/' you will say. But that is not necessarily so. 
Their gardens may be ever so tiny, but they are sure to have in them 
a little lake, canal, or stream, little stone bridges and steps, little 
towers and temples and summer houses, little rockeries and flower 
beds. The whole is like a doll's park, all dainty and lovely. “They 
can’t have any trees then,” you will say, “because they would be far too 
big for all the little things.” I wonder if you have ever seen or heard 
of the little old trees of the Japanese? Some of their pine-trees and 
maple-trees are no higher than your foot-ruler when you place it 
upright, and yet may be older than you are. Other trees are perhaps a 
foot and a half in height, and fifty years old. All these trees are beautiful 
and perfect, but every part of them is small. Only Japanese can grow 
these little trees, but they fit beautifully into the little gardens. What 
do you think they keep in the little lakes ? Besides the water plants, 
there are tiny gold-fish swimming about in the water. Of course 
in the large gardens there will be larger gold-fish in the lakes. 

The Japaoese houses are usually built of wood, and are rarely more 
than one story high. Many houses are built of a kind of cardboard 
held up by bamboo rods, and are often left open to the air. Even 
in the wooden houses the partitions between the rooms are made of 
cardboard, and can easily be moved, so that the house can be 
differently divided into rooms should people prefer it. The houses are 
made of these light materials because earthquakes are frequent, and so 
they do not tumble down nearly so easily as they would if they 
were made of stone. 

What the Japanese people are like in appearance, you will know quite 
well. When they come to England, they often dress as we do, but in their 


60 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


own country they wear the kind of clothes that you see in the pictures. 
There is very little difference between the dress of the men and that of the 
women. Their clothes are often beautifully embroidered. They are in 
every way very clever with their fingers. Their paintings, their carvings 
in ivory and wood, their enamel and lacquer work, and their embroideries 
are often sent to England and to other countries where they are much 
admired. Probably you have somewhere in your home a piece of 
Japanese work, a fan, or screen, or lacquered box. 

The Japanese do not fill up their houses with furniture. They 
generally have only matting on the floor. On this they sit and have 
their meals, on this the children play, and visitors are received. At 
night they sleep on the matting and rest their necks on little blocks. 
To make the room really beautiful they sometimes hang up just one 
painting for everybody to enjoy. After a time it is taken down and 
another one put up, so that no one can get so used to the pictures 
that he does not notice them any more. Sometimes, too, they bring 
in a stand or stool and place on it a vase, perhaps with a single spray 
of plum blossom in it, or just one perfect chrysanthemum ; or else they 
have a bowl of gold-fish. 

You will be interested to hear that the Japanese children play 
very much the same games as we do. They are fond of dolls, they 
also like hoops, and especially kites, which they fly out-of-doors. 


No. 59. 


Kirghiz Encampment. 



No. 60. 


How a Zulu Hut is Built. 











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THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


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IX. Other Homes than Ours. 

You have seen that in our country people do not all live in the 
same kind of houses ; it all depends what they do, and what the country 
is like in which their home is situated. So it is all over the world. 
Everywhere in great cities you will find houses of the same general 
plan as ours, though they may differ in some unimportant ways, and 
you will find farm-houses, cottages, and huts all made of the material 
that is common in the particular country. So you will find homes 
made of wood and branches of ti’ees, of bark, of reeds and grass, of the 
skins of animals, and among the Eskimo, you remember, even of ice 
and snow. 

Some kinds of people cannot have a fixed dwelling, because they are 
unable to remain in one place. You have read how the Eskimo have to 
wander, because in summer they go along the coast for fishing, and in 
winter they must follow their reindeer when the herds go in search of 
food. In the same way the Red Indian, who is a hunter, must follow 
the wild animals, and can never stay long in the same place. Every¬ 
where the hunters and fishers and herdsmen must wander, so that 
their homes must only be very simple huts, which need not last 
long, and can quickly be put up and taken to pieces. In our country 
everybody has a fixed dwelling, and nobody wanders. 

The black and white picture 59 shows you some huts of the 
Kirghiz herdsmen. Their huts are among the best built and most 
comfortable homes of a wandering people. The huts are called yurts, 
and consist of a framework which is made of willow twigs bound 
together by leather straps. On this framework the people strap huge 
felt-mats, and one piece of felt forms the door. It is rolled up in the day¬ 
time and let down when the night comes. Another piece of felt covers 
up the smoke hole in the roof when there is no fire. Inside the hut 
rolls of felt are placed wherever the cold wind from outside can blow in. 
Other felt mats are used for seats and beds. All the felt is made of camel’s 
hair. The whole hut and all its furniture can easily be taken to pieces. 


64 


THE WORLD IN PICTURES 


It is then put upon the backs of camels, not the Arabian camel of 
which you have read, but the Bactrian camel with two humps. 

The black and white picture 60 shows you another interest¬ 
ing kind of hut that you would never see in England. It is only 
just being made, but you can already see that it is going to be a 
little like a bee-hive. It is made of a kind of basket work, and fibre 
from the bark of the mimosa-tree is woven in and out through the basket 
work. In this way, in times of heavy rain, the wet is kept out, but 
air can still get in. This last point is very important as there are no 
windows, not even a smoke hole, and the doorway may have to be 
kept covered. 

You sometimes read in books or hear in school, how long, long 
ago people lived in caves in the ground or among the rocks of the 
mountains. In those days men had a very hard time defending 
themselves against wild beasts, and finding food when they had 
hardly any weapons or tools. After a time, they learnt to make huts. 
To save themselves from the wild beasts they built them high above 
the ground, either in tree tops or on piles, and sometimes right out in 
the water. In some parts of the world there are people who still build 
their homes in this way. The two beautiful coloured pictures 61 and 62 
show you dwellings made by the South Sea Islanders, one in the 
top of a tree and the other on piles a little way out in the 
water. You can tell from the look of the people that theirs 
must be a hot country, for they wear hardly any clothing and they 
have very dark skins. It must be lovely to live in the top of a green 
tree, like a bird in its nest, and hear all around the moving of the 
leaves in the wind. These people had to make their home in this way 
in order to be safe from other savage tribes, who go out to kill men that 
they may have skulls for ornaments on their houses. This tree house 
is a very safe place, for the men have cut away all the trees near by 
and all the lower branches of their own tree, so that no one can climb 
up to them. If their enemies should try to cut down their tree, they 
would throw stones and blocks of wood at them and drive them away. 


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